Mine environmental problems and prevention countermeasures

I. Introduction

Mining is an important means of production activities and economic growth in China. More than 95% of China's energy, more than 80% of industrial raw materials, and more than 70% of agricultural production materials come from mineral resources. In the past, China lacked management and planning for mining of mineral resources, and the lack of governance in the mining environment led to more serious problems in the ecological environment of mines. With the development of China's economy and the enhancement of social environmental awareness and the need for sustainable social development, mine environmental governance is imminent.

Second, the mine environmental issues

(1) The work environment is seriously polluted

The mining and selection work environment is the most polluted place in mining enterprises. Dust, noise, heat damage, radioactive radiation, toxic and harmful gases generated in production and geological disasters around the stope directly threaten the physical and mental health and life safety of workers. choose jobs based workers susceptible to heavy metal poisoning, respiratory diseases, heart disease, hearing loss and other occupational diseases. At present, lead and zinc mines mostly use flotation process, and the noise generated by the ball mill seriously affects the physical and mental health of workers.

(2) "Three Wastes" emission pollution

1. Air pollution

In the production process of mines, a large amount of toxic and harmful gases are inevitably generated due to the large use of explosives and the use of diesel engines as power for equipment. The large amount of dust and toxic substances produced during the production process is also an important factor in the air pollution in the mining area. In addition, the dust generated by the tailings accumulation has a serious impact on the mining area and the surrounding environment, and windy weather is also prone to sandstorms. Exhaust gas and dust also cause certain damage to the agro-ecological environment, affecting photosynthesis of plants and causing soil compaction.

2. Mine wastewater

The mine wastewater generated during the mine production process mainly includes beneficiation wastewater, mine water, waste rock water and tailings pond wastewater. Mine wastewater contains a large amount of heavy metal ions, acid and alkali, solid suspended solids and various mineral processing chemicals. Some mine wastewater also contains radioactive substances, which endanger human health and the survival of other animals and plants.

3. Mine solid waste

The hazards of mine solid waste are highlighted by the occupation and destruction of land. In 2002, China produced 945 million tons of industrial waste, of which 265 million tons of tailings, coal gangue 130 million tons, 107 million tons of smelting waste. Due to the fact that the solid waste storage area covers nearly 60,000 hm2, the mine solid waste contains toxic and harmful substances. It is easily oxidized and decomposed in the open space for a long time, making these toxic and harmful substances pollute the water and soil, infiltrating into the ground and polluting the groundwater.

(3) Geological disasters

The geological disasters easily caused by mining include: land subsidence and subsidence, landslides, mudslides and tailings reservoir dams, mine water and water seepage. In China, due to geological disasters caused by mining there are many, such as Tongling mining area due to the formation of mined-out area collapse of more than 20, affecting an area of 422hm2, water inrush occurred more than 30.

(4) Destruction of environmental resources

Mining exploitation is seriously damaging to environmental resources. Due to indiscriminate mining, mining and abandonment of poverty, thick and thin, and easy to abandon, there is also a low comprehensive utilization rate and partial mining of associated ore, resulting in the destruction of mineral resources. Mining also leads to destruction of land resources, destruction of water resources, destruction of surface landscapes, atmospheric pollution and microclimate disturbances, and loss of biodiversity.

Third, prevention and treatment

(1) Management system approach

1. Establish a clear property rights system for mine environmental assets

In China, environmental assets have incomplete market, external, non-exclusive, non-competitive, non-competitive consumption, non-convex and asymmetric information market failure characteristics. Due to the failure of the environmental asset market, unclear property rights and lack of property rights, mining miners will transfer the cost of mine environmental damage to the whole society and will not bear the consequences. When they pursue the maximization of economic benefits, they will continue to damage the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a clear property rights system for mine environmental assets, and at the same time strengthen the formulation of management measures and policy guidance, so that the owner of the mine becomes both a beneficiary of mineral resources development and a responsible person for mine environmental protection. Fundamentally change the status quo of mine environmental protection in China.

2. Improve the legal system for mine ecological environmental protection

At present, most of the regulations on mine environment in China's laws and regulations are focused on “three wastes” pollution, and there are few ecological environmental protections involved in mines. It is necessary to study and formulate a complete mine environmental protection law system aiming at mine ecological environment protection. In the process of mine development and utilization, it is necessary to strictly implement the mine environmental impact assessment system and the geological disaster risk assessment system for mine construction land, the “three simultaneous” system, the land reclamation system and the sewage charge system.

(2) Technical approach

1, clean production

In the process of mining, the production technology and process will be improved to reduce pollutant discharge or pollution-free discharge, and clean production will be realized. If the flotation process is changed to bio-leaching process, dust, noise, heat damage and other pollution can be avoided, thus changing the mining and selection. Working conditions ensure the physical and mental health and safety of workers. Clean production technologies that implement mining development and clean production technologies to reduce the environmental impact of mineral resources development include: reinforcement of underground goaf comprehensive utilization technology, filling of goaf control ground subsidence technology, separation grouting technology, strip mining technology, drilling Hole dissolution mining technology, in-situ leaching mining technology, tailings-free beneficiation technology , solid waste treatment and disposal and recycling technology.

2. "Three Wastes" Governance

With the country's emphasis on environmental protection and the development of China's mining technology, mining companies are paying more and more attention to the "three wastes" governance. For solid waste, comprehensive utilization of tailings can be adopted, such as recovery of valuable components (metal, quartz , mica , other metals, non-metallic minerals, etc.) to reduce tailings. For coal mine solid waste, coal gangue can be used to generate electricity, land and paving, and coal gangue to produce building materials. Mining requires a large amount of water resources. If it can be recycled after being treated with water in the mining and smelting process, this will solve the problem of water shortage in China to a certain extent. Some scholars have immersed gold-containing cyanide wastewater in gold mines. The treatment research has been carried out. The research shows that the cyanide-containing wastewater in the gold mine can be recycled completely, which not only saves water resources, but also can utilize the immersion gold cyanide-containing liquid several times to achieve no waste water discharge. For mine wastewater that is difficult to recycle, it should be discharged after treatment, and some acid and alkali wastewater can be used for waste treatment. For the air pollution generated by mines, the main measures that can be taken are wet blasting, road sprinkling, planting shelter forests, etc.

3. Ecological restoration of abandoned land

Barren mine abandoned land is one of the main problems in China's mines. China's mine abandoned land reclamation rate is low. For example, the land reclamation rate in Tongling area is only 13.3%. Compared with developed countries, we still have a big gap. . Due to the harsh soil conditions in the abandoned land, such as retanning, the soil environment must be improved. The measures for improving the substrate of the abandoned land include: topsoil conversion, landfilling, microbial remediation, phytoremediation (plant extraction, plant degradation, plant stabilization). , irrigation and fertilization, etc., can also apply chemical improvements and organic matter to improve the waste substrate.

In China, there have been many examples of ecological restoration of mine abandoned land. Since 2001, Anshan has carried out a mine ecological restoration project focusing on “declaring war on urban deserts”, and completed the mine ecological restoration area of ​​1163.46hm2 in three years. Wulongquan Mine of WISCO Group has thrown 13 million yuan to control the factory environment, strengthen the barren hills and reclamation, create a green mine, and realize that "the factory is in the green, the house is in the forest, the road is in the flower, the people are in the scenery" The dream of a green ecological mine.

Fourth, the conclusion

The problem of mine environment in China is the result of years of accumulation. Because the property rights of mineral resources in the past are not clear, mineral resource miners only know the benefits, but not the responsibility of governance, which leads to the indiscriminate mining of mineral resources, the abundance of poverty, and the thickening of mining resources. Abandoning thin, mining and abandoning difficulties, resulting in damage to mineral resources, destruction of land resources, destruction of water resources, and serious pollution of “three wastes”. In view of this, the author believes that the fundamental measure for mine environmental protection in China is to change the management system of mineral resources in China. Establish a clear property rights system for mine environmental assets, so that the owner of the mine becomes a mine

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