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The so-called beneficiation is the process of separating the useful minerals from the gangue to obtain high-grade concentrates. The commericly useful minerals are separately recycled into separate concentrates, removing harmful impurities, comprehensively recycling, and utilizing various useful ingredients. the process of.
2. Minerals and ores
Minerals are natural compounds or natural elements in the earth's crust that have a fixed chemical composition and physical properties.
Minerals that can be used by humans are called useful minerals. Mineral aggregates containing minerals, such as the amount of useful constituents, can be recycled for use under modern technological economic conditions. This mineral aggregate is called ore.
3. Gravity beneficiation method
That is, a method in which the sedimentation speed of the medium (water or gas stream) is different depending on the difference in specific gravity between the useful mineral and the gangue.
Common equipment used in this method: jig, shaker, chute, spiral chute, spiral concentrator, centrifugal concentrator, cyclone, etc.
4, flotation method
That is, the beneficiation method for separating useful minerals and gangues by the action of chemicals according to the physical properties of the mineral surface.
Common equipment used in this method: XJK type, XCF type, CK type, JJF type, SF type, BF type, GF type, KYF type, CLF type, HCC type.
5. The process of the beneficiation process
The mineral processing process can be divided into three stages: pre-selection preparation, sorting and dehydration.
Pre-selection preparation includes crushing and sieving, grinding classification and current pretreatment (bacterial biooxidation, roasting oxidation, etc.), in order to separate the useful minerals in the ore from monomer and improve the intrinsic properties of the target mineral. The selection creates conditions.
The selection phase is based on the different properties of the minerals to obtain useful minerals.
Dewatering refers to the process of removing a large amount of water from a large amount of water-containing concentrate obtained by concentrating, filtering (or pressure filtration) and drying before being sent to smelting.
6, taste
Grade metal product is the product of the weight ratio of metal products, commonly expressed as a percentage.7. Yield
The ratio of product weight to ore weight is called the yield of the product. Commonly used percentages are indicated by the Greek letter γ.
8, beneficiation ratio
The ratio of the weight of the ore to the weight of the concentrate is called the dressing ratio.
9, rich ore ratio (enrichment ratio)
The ratio of concentrate grade to ore grade.
10, recovery rate
The percentage of the weight of the metal in the concentrate to the weight of the metal in the ore is called the recovery. The recovery rate is divided into theoretical recovery rate and actual recovery rate.
Theoretical recovery formula:
11, crushing and crushing ratio
The process of applying an external force to a large piece of material to overcome the cohesive force between the molecules of the material and causing it to become a small piece is called breaking.
The crushing ratio refers to the ratio of the maximum particle size of the ore before crushing to the maximum grain size of the ore after crushing, which is usually expressed by i.
12, fragmentation work segmentation
In the concentrator, two or three stages of crushing are generally used. According to the granularity of the crushed products, they can be roughly divided into:
Coarse crush: the ore size is 1500-500 mm, broken to 400-125 mm;
Medium crush: the ore size is 400~125mm, and it is broken to 100~50mm;
Finely divided: the ore size is 100~50mm, and it is broken to 25~5mm.
13. Screening and pre-screening and screening
Screening refers to the division of materials into two or more grades by particle size.
Pre-screening refers to the screening operation before the ore enters the crusher .
Inspection screening refers to the operation of sifting ore after being crushed by a crusher.
14, the type of crusher
The crushers commonly used in mineral processing plants can be divided into the following types according to their different configurations: 1. Jaw crusher (PEF, PEJ); 2. Cone crusher (PYB, PYZ, PYD); 3. Roller crusher; Impact crusher.
15. Representation of the specifications of jaw crusher and cone crusher.
The specifications of the jaw crusher are indicated by the width and length of the mine mouth. Such as width 600 × length 900
The size of the cone crusher is indicated by the size of the diameter of the bottom of the moving cone. Such as PYZ1750
16. Screening efficiency
Refers to the ratio of the weight of the undersize product actually obtained during sieving to the weight of the granules contained in the sieving material which is less than the size of the mesh, generally expressed as a percentage.
17. The meaning of "net"
The mesh is the number of mesh holes per inch of screen length called the mesh, referred to as "mesh".
18, the significance of grinding
Grinding operation is the continuation of the crushing process. In order to separate the useful minerals and gangue minerals in the ore, it is necessary to separate the various minerals into monomers, and it is difficult to achieve separation by using only the crushing method, because the minerals are difficult to achieve. Dip dyeing is often not uniform, and particles ranging from a few millimeters to a few microns are present. Therefore, in order to achieve the separation of the minerals, it is the best method to grind the ore to the particle size required for the sorting operation.
19. Working characteristics of the rod mill
Generally used for rough grinding, its work is characterized in that the effect of grinding ore is not at a certain point, but is completed on the entire length of the rod, that is, "line contact", so the force is relatively uniform, and the fine particles are not ground in the coarse particles. The rod is slightly broken before the rod, so that the over-grinding is reduced and the product size is relatively uniform.
20, the working characteristics of the lattice ball mill
The model has a grid plate at the discharge end, and there are many small holes on the plate for discharging the slurry. The working characteristics of the machine are mainly forced discharge, and the production capacity is high.
21. Grinding concentration, graded overflow concentration, graded overflow fineness
Grinding concentration refers to the ratio of ore to water in the mill barrel. The grinding concentration is slightly larger when rough grinding, generally controlled between 75 and 83%, and the concentration is slightly lower during fine grinding, about 65 to 75%.
The graded overflow concentration refers to the ratio of ore to water in the classifier overflow. The concentration directly reflects the fineness of the ore in the overflow, the concentration is large, the particle size is coarse, the concentration is low, and the particle size is fine.
The graded overflow fineness refers to the percentage of a certain grade product in the overflow product, for example, "-200 mesh 80%" means that the overflow product has a grain size of less than 200 meshes of 80%.
22, returning sand ratio
When the grinding machine and the classifier form a closed circuit, the coarse-grained product from the classification to the grinding machine is called returning sand. The percentage of the returning sand weight and the original ore-mining amount of the mill is called the returning sand ratio. Usually, the sand return ratio is controlled at 300-500. %between.
Calculation of the return sand ratio:A - in the mine - 0.074mm fraction
B——overflow—0.074mm fraction
C——Returning sand—0.074mm grain content
23. Types of spiral classifiers
According to the position of the spiral in the groove and the height of the slurry surface, it can be divided into three types: low-lying type, high-lying type and submerged type.
24, hydraulic cyclone classification principle
The slurry entering the cyclone rotates at a large speed, and thus the solid particles are subjected to centrifugal force exceeding tens to hundreds of times the gravity. Due to the high-speed rotation of the slurry, there are two types of slurry flow in the cyclone: ​​one is an outflow that rotates downward near the wall of the cone; the other is an inflow that rises in the middle of the cone. The coarse sand in the ore is subjected to a large centrifugal force into the outer stream, sinks along the wall, and is discharged from the grit chamber. The fines and most of the water in the ore are raised in an inflow form and discharged through the overflow conduit to complete the classification operation.
25. Processes included in the flotation process
Generally, the following processes are included: 1. Preparation of the ore raw material includes grinding and grading, so that the monomer of the selected material is separated according to the flotation requirement; 2. The slurry is adjusted and added to the flotation agent; 3. The agitation and a large number of bubbles are generated, so that the ore is in the Suspension in the slurry, causing the opportunity for the ore particles to contact with the bubbles; 4. Mineralization of the bubbles, that is, the adhesion of the particles of the ore particles; 5. Formation and scraping of the mineralized foam.
26. Priority flotation and mixed flotation
If the ore contains two or more useful minerals, there are two flotation methods; one is to select the useful minerals one by one as a single concentrate, which is called preferential flotation; The species is selected as a mixed concentrate by combining the useful minerals, and then the useful minerals in the mixed concentrate are separated one by one. This method is called mixed flotation.
27. Pharmacy system
The type and quantity of the drug added during the flotation process, the dosing location and the dosing method are collectively referred to as the pharmaceutical system.
28, rough selection, sweeping, selection
The selection process consists of different operations, which are divided into rough selection, selection, and sweeping. Rough selection refers to the first sorting operation of the ore that has been prepared before the election; the sweeping is the second sorting operation of the rough-selected tailings; the selection is the rough-selected concentrate. The re-selection of the product entered.
29. What does PH mean? How much is it? How to divide acidity and alkalinity?
The pH represents the pH. The pH of the pulp often directly or indirectly affects the floatability of the minerals therein. The recovery rate of minerals is closely related to the pH within a certain range.
Its range is from 1 to 14.
PH value 1-7 is acidic and 7-14 is alkaline.
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