Where is the gap between China's mechanical infrastructure

China's understanding of the importance of mechanical parts in the machinery industry is relatively late, and long-term investment is weak, resulting in a poor foundation, a weak foundation, and weak strength in the entire industry. With the increase of the host level in China, bottlenecks that mechanical components lag behind the host have become increasingly apparent. In recent years, although the state has given certain support in terms of technology introduction, technological transformation, research and development, there are still many gaps compared with the current market demand and foreign standards. Specific performance in the following areas:

First, there are few product varieties, low levels, unstable quality, high early failure rate, and poor reliability. China's mechanical base products have fewer varieties and specifications, especially high-end products, and they do not meet the growing needs of the host. At present, the performance indicators of various types of mainframe components are roughly equal to those of foreign countries in the 1980s. The unstable quality, early failure rate, and poor reliability are the fatal weaknesses of the basic parts. Therefore, many OEMs often choose to import basic components to improve their market competitiveness. As a result, the share of domestically produced base parts, especially those with lower technological content, has dropped significantly in the domestic market. Although there are obvious advantages in the export of basic products, they are mainly labor-intensive products with large quantities, low value, and low added value of technology.

Second, the repeated construction is serious, the degree of specialization is low, the scale is not enough, and the economic efficiency is poor. Compared with the mainframe computer, the basic capital and technology required for the establishment of enterprises are relatively small, so during the period of several major economic developments in the country, a number of basic parts manufacturing enterprises have been added. The industry has already presented a large number of low-level redundant constructions, with many points and small batches, which cannot be economic scale. Although the basic parts enterprises gradually become independent from the main plant, most of the enterprises themselves are "large and complete", "small and complete", low degree of specialization, low level of equipment, unstable quality, and low economic efficiency. For example, the total bearing capacity of the three large-scale backbone enterprises in the bearing industry, Ha-axis, Wa-axis, and Luo-axis, is less than 50% of that of a famous foreign company. Now the number of bearing factories in the country has grown to more than 1,500. In the past two years, China has built more than 90 hydraulic parts factories, with an annual output of 338.24 million hydraulic parts, with an average of 37,200 pieces of production per plant, and only 2 or 3 manufacturers with an annual output of 300,000 or more. The main products are small and medium-sized gear pumps for agricultural machinery. The Rexroth company in Germany produces 1.3 million pieces of various hydraulic products each year, and Japan Yau Institute has an annual output of more than 600,000 pieces. In the powder metallurgy industry, Japan's Sumitomo Electric Co., Ltd. has an annual output of 24,000 tons of powder metallurgy parts, annual sales of 200 million U.S. dollars, and per capita sales of approximately 2.55 million U.S. dollars, while China's powder metallurgy products factory has only 7 per capita sales. .6 million or so. The per capita output value of mold enterprises in industrialized countries is about 150,000 to 200,000 U.S. dollars. China only has 40,000 to 50,000 yuan. In recent years, with the implementation of a variety of ownership development policies, the basic parts industry is undergoing a process of decentralization and gradual centralization.

Third, weak scientific research and development, insufficient capital investment, and slow technological progress. Since the reform and opening up, basic industries have introduced a number of advanced foreign technologies earlier in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but lacked sufficient software and hardware inputs for digestion and absorption. According to foreign experience, the ratio of imported technology to the funds needed for digestion and absorption is about 1:7, and China’s understanding of this is relatively late, which makes digestion and absorption slow.

Market competition is actually a contest of technical strength. Foreign countries attach great importance to this, and have increased investment to occupy the commanding heights of technology. The funds used by major famous multinational companies for scientific and technological development account for 4% to 5% of their sales, and the key areas are 10%. Although China’s policy stipulates that 1% of sales can be used for research and development of companies, most of the factories are unable to pay and lose talents. They lack successors and have poor development capabilities. At present, although many universities and colleges in China are engaged in scientific research, many theoretical researches, scientific research achievements, and patent papers have a fairly high level. Some of them are well-known internationally, but they are not closely related to the actual production. It is slow to convert into a commodity.

In short, in order to improve the competitiveness of China's mechanical basic parts market and better meet the needs of China's machinery industry's mainframe industry's technological progress on domestically-made supporting basic parts, we must adhere to the principle of doing something weal or not. , increase the strategic adjustment of the industry. In the next five to ten years, great progress and breakthroughs will be made in the development of branded products and brand-name companies, technological innovation, enhancement of domestic and foreign market competitiveness, and intensive management.


The main reasons for the gap are as follows:

First, the corporate foundation is weak and cannot adapt to the development of the situation. Due to the poor foundation of China's mechanical basic parts industry, weak foundation, low investment in science and technology, and weak development power, it can not meet the needs of the host industry in terms of introduction, joint venture, cooperation, and rapid development, resulting in a decline in the market share of the mechanical base parts in the domestic market.

Second, raw materials and related technologies are behind. An important reason for the poor quality of mechanical basic parts is the poor quality of raw materials and the related backward technology. For example: Bearings, fasteners, chains, springs, molds and other products used by the poor quality of the steel, a small variety of specifications, a direct impact on the quality of the basic parts of the product, such as hydraulic castings and hydraulic products related to the quality of electronic control The backward technology also directly affects the quality and reliability of hydraulic components.

Third, the level of technology and process equipment is low, can not guarantee the consistency of product quality. Mechanical basic parts are generally batch and mass-produced products, as well as products with many varieties and high processing precision. Therefore, high requirements are placed on the production process and equipment, and the investment is large. In many foreign countries, high-efficiency and high-precision special planes, production lines or flexible lines are used to achieve efficient and automated production. However, China's mechanical basic parts industry is affected by the long-standing ideology of "re-hosting, light fitting," and has little investment in basic parts. The company's self-reforming ability is poor, and it is basically running at a low level. The level of technology and equipment is not high, and there are few advanced equipments, which can not guarantee the consistency of product quality and affect the quality of products.

Fourth, the country lacks strong policy support for the mechanical parts industry. Although the country has clearly defined important industrial machinery components (molds, bearings, hydraulics, pneumatics, seals, etc.) in terms of industrial policies, it lacks the support of corresponding supporting policies, such as excessive burden on the mold industry, enjoying value-added. There are only a few hundred companies in the country that have returned part of the tax. The face is too narrow and their role is limited. They also need to continue to support policies.