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(3) Hydrogen is the most common element in nature. It is estimated to constitute 75% of the mass of the universe. In addition to hydrogen in the air, it is mainly stored in water in the form of compounds, which are the most extensive substances on earth. It is estimated that if all the hydrogen in the seawater is extracted, it will produce 9000 times more total heat than all the fossil fuels on the earth.
(l) Among all the elements, hydrogen is the lightest. In the standard state, its density is 0.0899 g / l; at -252.7 ° C, it can become a liquid, if the pressure is increased to hundreds of atmospheres, liquid hydrogen can be changed to solid hydrogen.
(4) The calorific value of hydrogen other than nuclear fuel is the highest among all fossil fuels, chemical fuels and biofuels, which is 142,351 kJ/kg, which is three times the calorific value of gasoline.
(2) Among all gases, hydrogen has the best thermal conductivity and is 10 times higher than the thermal conductivity of most gases, so hydrogen is an excellent heat transfer carrier in the energy industry.
(5) Hydrogen has good combustion performance, fast ignition, wide flammability range when mixed with air, high ignition point and fast burning speed.
(7) Hydrogen energy can be used in many forms, which can generate heat energy through combustion, generate mechanical work in a heat engine, or be used as an energy material for a fuel cell, or be converted into solid hydrogen as a structural material. Replacing coal and oil with hydrogen does not require major modifications to existing technical equipment. The current internal combustion engine can be used with a slight modification.
(8) Hydrogen can appear as a gaseous, liquid or solid hydride, and can adapt to different requirements of storage and transportation and various application environments.
(6) Hydrogen itself is non-toxic. Compared with other fuels, hydrogen is the cleanest when burned. It does not produce environmentally harmful pollution such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, lead compounds and dust particles except for water and a small amount of ammonia. Substance, a small amount of ammonia gas will not pollute the environment after proper treatment, and the water produced by combustion can continue to produce hydrogen and be recycled repeatedly.
It can be seen from the above characteristics that hydrogen is an ideal new energy source. At present, liquid hydrogen has been widely used as a fuel for aerospace power, but the large-scale commercial application of hydrogen energy has yet to solve the following key problems:
Cheap hydrogen production technology: Because hydrogen is a secondary energy source, its production requires not only a large amount of energy, but also the current hydrogen production efficiency is very low. Therefore, the search for large-scale and inexpensive hydrogen production technology is a common concern of scientists from all countries. problem.
Safe and reliable hydrogen storage and hydrogen transfer methods Because hydrogen is easily gasified, ignited, and exploded, how to properly solve the problem of hydrogen storage and transportation becomes the key to developing hydrogen energy.
Many scientists believe that hydrogen can become a pivotal secondary energy source in the world energy arena in the 21st century. Hydrogen is a secondary energy source because it is produced by other methods using other energy sources, unlike coal, oil and natural gas that can be mined directly from underground. In nature, hydrogen easily combines with oxygen to form water, and hydrogen must be separated from the water by electrolysis. If the electricity generated by the combustion of coal, oil and natural gas is converted into electricity to decompose water to produce hydrogen, it is obviously impossible to draw. It now appears that the basic way to produce hydrogen efficiently is to use solar energy . If solar energy can be used to produce hydrogen, it is equivalent to turning endless and scattered solar energy into highly concentrated clean energy, which is of great significance. At present, methods for utilizing solar energy to decompose water to produce hydrogen include solar thermal decomposition water hydrogen production, solar power generation electrolysis water hydrogen production, sunlight catalytic photolysis water production hydrogen production, solar energy biological hydrogen production, and the like. The use of solar energy to produce hydrogen has great practical significance, but it is a very difficult research topic. There are a large number of theoretical problems and engineering and technical problems to be solved. However, all countries in the world attach great importance to investing a lot of manpower, financial resources and material resources. And many progress has been made. Therefore, in the future, hydrogen energy produced by solar energy will become a high-quality, clean fuel commonly used by humans.
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