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The spindle of the machine tool is the core part of the machine tool, and its function is to drive the tool (grinding wheel) or workpiece rotation to achieve high-speed precision machining. With the continuous improvement of the requirements of machining precision and processing efficiency of the modern industry, the requirements of the machine tool for spindle performance are getting higher and higher. The traditional high-speed spindle concept has been difficult to fully describe the technical connotation of the spindle of the machine tool.
The high-performance machine tool spindle refers to a machine tool spindle with high speed, accuracy, stiffness, power, and torque matching characteristics, high reliability, and a high cost-to-performance ratio under the premise of satisfying machining accuracy and machining efficiency.
The machine tool spindle can be divided into rolling bearings (angular contact ball bearings, roller bearings), liquid sliding bearings (dynamic pressure bearings, hydrostatic bearings, dynamic and hydrostatic bearings), gas bearings, magnetic bearings, etc., according to the type of bearings used, in accordance with the motor The connection methods can be divided into mechanical spindles and electric spindles.
The spindle is a new type of spindle component that integrates the spindle function of the machine tool with the function of the motor. It eliminates the belt drive or gear transmission. It has high speed, high precision, wide speed range, small vibration and noise, and can be quickly Start and quasi-stop and other advantages. The use of electric spindles to replace traditional mechanical spindles is a major trend in the development of the machine tool industry.
Electric spindle can be divided into asynchronous type electric spindle and permanent magnet synchronous electric spindle according to the type of motor.
From the perspective of the objective requirements of the machine tool industry, angular contact ball bearing electric spindles, liquid (dynamic) static pressure bearing electric spindles and gas bearing electric spindles are both the focus of market development and academic research hotspots. Angular contact ball bearings are the most suitable rolling bearings for high speed. They have the advantages of low frictional resistance, low power consumption, low cost, easy serialization, and standardization. They have high limiting speed, high precision, and high rigidity. They are used in machining centers and CNC milling machines. Lathes, internal grinding machines and high-speed engraving and milling machines have been widely used. Their main technical difficulties are to improve the accuracy of life and reliability. The liquid (dynamic) hydrostatic spindle is supported by the liquid “oil filmâ€, which has significant “error averaging effect†and damping vibration resistance. The rotary precision is much higher than that of the rolling bearing type spindle, which has high rigidity, low wear and long service life. It has been widely used in precision ultra-precision machine tools. Its main technical difficulty lies in controlling the temperature rise and thermal deformation of the spindle at high speed. The gas bearing electric spindle is supported by “air filmâ€, and the rotation precision and limit rotation speed are higher than those of liquid (moving) static piezoelectric spindle and roller bearing electric spindle. Its thermal stability is good. It is an ultra-precision machine tool and printed circuit board (PCD). Drilling machines are indispensable to the core components, the inadequacies of which are low bearing capacity and high process requirements.
Magnetic suspension bearings are also an important type of spindle support, high speed limit, no wear during operation, its technical difficulty lies in how to improve dynamic stiffness and damping vibration performance, in achieving high speed while ensuring high processing accuracy. The core research content of the magnetic levitation spindle is the control problem of mechanical system characteristics and electromagnetic characteristics.
The high-performance machine tool spindle refers to a machine tool spindle with high speed, accuracy, stiffness, power, and torque matching characteristics, high reliability, and a high cost-to-performance ratio under the premise of satisfying machining accuracy and machining efficiency.
The machine tool spindle can be divided into rolling bearings (angular contact ball bearings, roller bearings), liquid sliding bearings (dynamic pressure bearings, hydrostatic bearings, dynamic and hydrostatic bearings), gas bearings, magnetic bearings, etc., according to the type of bearings used, in accordance with the motor The connection methods can be divided into mechanical spindles and electric spindles.
The spindle is a new type of spindle component that integrates the spindle function of the machine tool with the function of the motor. It eliminates the belt drive or gear transmission. It has high speed, high precision, wide speed range, small vibration and noise, and can be quickly Start and quasi-stop and other advantages. The use of electric spindles to replace traditional mechanical spindles is a major trend in the development of the machine tool industry.
Electric spindle can be divided into asynchronous type electric spindle and permanent magnet synchronous electric spindle according to the type of motor.
From the perspective of the objective requirements of the machine tool industry, angular contact ball bearing electric spindles, liquid (dynamic) static pressure bearing electric spindles and gas bearing electric spindles are both the focus of market development and academic research hotspots. Angular contact ball bearings are the most suitable rolling bearings for high speed. They have the advantages of low frictional resistance, low power consumption, low cost, easy serialization, and standardization. They have high limiting speed, high precision, and high rigidity. They are used in machining centers and CNC milling machines. Lathes, internal grinding machines and high-speed engraving and milling machines have been widely used. Their main technical difficulties are to improve the accuracy of life and reliability. The liquid (dynamic) hydrostatic spindle is supported by the liquid “oil filmâ€, which has significant “error averaging effect†and damping vibration resistance. The rotary precision is much higher than that of the rolling bearing type spindle, which has high rigidity, low wear and long service life. It has been widely used in precision ultra-precision machine tools. Its main technical difficulty lies in controlling the temperature rise and thermal deformation of the spindle at high speed. The gas bearing electric spindle is supported by “air filmâ€, and the rotation precision and limit rotation speed are higher than those of liquid (moving) static piezoelectric spindle and roller bearing electric spindle. Its thermal stability is good. It is an ultra-precision machine tool and printed circuit board (PCD). Drilling machines are indispensable to the core components, the inadequacies of which are low bearing capacity and high process requirements.
Magnetic suspension bearings are also an important type of spindle support, high speed limit, no wear during operation, its technical difficulty lies in how to improve dynamic stiffness and damping vibration performance, in achieving high speed while ensuring high processing accuracy. The core research content of the magnetic levitation spindle is the control problem of mechanical system characteristics and electromagnetic characteristics.
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