The MAX522 DAC drives the charge pump to produce an adjustable negative bias voltage

A charge pump is a DC-DC (converter) that uses so-called "fast" or "pump" capacitors to store energy, which can either raise or lower the input voltage or generate a negative voltage. Its internal FET switch array controls the fast capacitor charging and discharging in a manner that multiplies or reduces the input voltage by a factor of 0.5, 2, or 3, resulting in the desired output voltage. This special modulation process guarantees up to 80% efficiency with an external ceramic capacitor only. As the circuit is switching work, charge pump structure will produce a certain output ripple and EMI (electromagnetic interference)

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