Factors affecting the stability of open pit slope

There are many factors affecting the stability of open pit slopes, mainly due to the following factors:

(1) Physical and mechanical properties of rock mass. Such as rock compressive strength, cohesion, internal friction angle, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, longitudinal wave velocity, gravity, void ratio, water permeability, water absorption, frost resistance and the like.

Rocks with heavy and longitudinal wave velocity usually have high mechanical strength and are favorable for slope stability. The rock has large void ratio, strong water absorption and poor frost resistance, and the mechanical properties are weakened, which is not conducive to slope stability.

(2) Rock mass structural surface. Most rock mass slope failures occur along the structural and weak layers. Large-scale structural planes will control the failure mode of the slope, and the structural planes with the same tendency as the slope will form a sliding surface with the slope sliding damage. The structure with the opposite tendency of the slope has less influence on the stability of the slope. Small-scale structural surfaces, often referred to as joint surfaces (with extension lengths of up to several meters), cut the rock mass, destroying the integrity of the rock mass, and reducing the strength of the rock mass macroscopically. When these joints have a clearly unfavorable dominant orientation, they can also control the failure mode of the slope.

(3) Groundwater. Groundwater, surface water and atmospheric precipitation have a significant impact on slope stability. A large number of landslides such as open-pit mine slopes occur during the rainy season or spring thawing period, or are unfavorable due to drainage.

The effect of water on slope stability is mainly as follows: First, soften the rock, reduce its strength, and increase the weight of the slope rock, especially for hydrophilic rocks, such as shale , mudstone and other rocks. After saturation, the strength drops sharply. Second, the floating support of hydrostatic pressure reduces the effective shear strength of the rock mass; the third is the penetration and flow of groundwater, which produces unfavorable osmotic pressure on the slope body, and at the same time takes away the smallness in the structural plane of the slope rock mass. Particles further reduce the strength of the structural plane.

(4) Blasting vibration. Daily blasting and blasting in open pit mines affect the stability of the slope. At present, the following empirical formula is used to reflect the impact of blasting vibration.

(5) Geometric shape. Due to the influence of many factors such as ore body shape, topographical geological conditions and mining technical conditions, the open-pit mine slope is often irregular in geometry. But in general, it can be seen as consisting of a concave slope, a linear slope and a convex slope, see Figure 11-5.

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