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Phosphorus is an important component of biological cytoplasm and an essential element for plant growth. 84% to 90% of the world's phosphate rock is used to produce various phosphate fertilizers, 3.3% for feed additives, 4% for detergents, and the rest for chemical, light industry, national defense and other industries. In China's phosphate rock consumption structure, phosphate fertilizer accounts for 71%, yellow phosphorus accounts for 7%, phosphate accounts for 6%, and phosphide accounts for 16%.
Phosphate fertilizer plays an important role in increasing crop yields. Many types of phosphate fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer production in China mainly for superphosphate, calcium magnesium phosphate, deoxy and triple superphosphate fertilizer, ammonium phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate efficient compound fertilizer. Phosphate rock is an important chemical mineral raw material. Part of the phosphate rock is used to prepare pure phosphorus (yellow phosphorus, red phosphorus) and chemical raw materials, and a small amount is used as animal feed. Red phosphorus is used to make matches and phosphides. Yellow phosphorus is highly toxic, can be used to make pesticides, and can also be used to make incendiary bombs, tracer bombs, signal bombs, smoke bombs, and pyrophoric agents; phosphorus and boron , indium , and gallium phosphides are used in the semiconductor industry. Refining the metallurgical industry for phosphor bronze, phosphorus-containing pig iron and cast iron. Zirconium phosphate, titanium phosphate, silicon phosphate, etc. can be used as coatings, pigments, binders, ion exchangers, adsorbents, and the like.
Sodium phosphate and disodium hydrogen phosphate are used to purify boiler water. The latter can also make rayon. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as a softener and metal preservative for water, calcium phosphate is used as an animal feed additive, and a derivative of phosphorus is used in medicine. The aluminum dihydrogen phosphate rubber material has high refractoriness, good impact resistance, strong corrosion resistance and superior electrical properties, and is used in cutting-edge technology. Fluorite apatite crystals are the most ideal laser emitting materials, and phosphate glass lasers have been used.
Quality requirements for industrial processing of phosphate rock
Phosphate ore has three processing methods, namely mechanical, acid and thermal processing. At home and abroad, the acid processing is the main method.
1. Machining: The phosphate rock is ground into phosphate rock powder and used directly as an acidic soil fertilizer. The grinding degree of the ore powder generally requires more than 90% of 100 mesh, and the ore is required to contain P2O 510% to 20%, and there are no special requirements for other impurities.
2. Acid processing: The phosphate rock powder is decomposed with various inorganic acids, and the obtained products are mainly various water-soluble phosphate fertilizers and phosphates. The main products are: superphosphate, extracted phosphoric acid, heavy superphosphate, ammonium phosphate, nitrophosphate.
Beneficiation and processing of sulfur ore
1. Flotation method: China's phosphate rock generally contains higher MgO. Phosphorus minerals and gangue minerals are closely symbiotic, and the size of the inlay is fine. Only by flotation method can we obtain better separation effect. Therefore, the flotation method is Chinese phosphorus. One of the most used methods for ore dressing. The flotation method includes direct flotation, reverse flotation, anti-positive (positive-reverse) flotation and double reverse flotation. Direct flotation processes and reverse flotation processes are used in production practice. The direct flotation process uses an effective inhibitor to inhibit gangue minerals in the phosphate ore and a collector to enrich the phosphorus minerals in the flotation foam.
The beneficiation process has been successfully applied to the ore dressing industry production of magmatic rock type apatite and sedimentary metamorphic apatite ore. The Jiangsu Jinping Phosphate ore dressing plant is a typical example. Sedimentary silicocalcium (calcium silicon) phosphate rock is recognized as a refractory phosphate rock in the world. Since the development of the direct flotation process of the "S" series of inhibitors, the ore dressing technology of such phosphorite ore has made a breakthrough. Reverse flotation process: The reverse flotation process is mainly used for the separation of phosphorus minerals and dolomite. The inorganic acid is used as the pH adjuster for the slurry. In the weakly acidic medium, the dolomite is floated with the fatty acid collector, and the phosphorus mineral is added. Enriched in the tank product. The biggest advantage is that the room temperature flotation is realized, and the coarse particle size of the groove product is beneficial to the post-treatment of the product. The process has been successfully applied to the beneficiation industry production of the phosphate rock in the Yanfu Phosphorus Deposit.
2. Rub-off mud process: In the mid-1960s, China began to study the rubbing and eluting mud of Liuyang phosphate mine in Hunan Province, and achieved certain results. In the early 1980s, the research on the Haikou Phosphorite Mine in Yunnan was carried out, and then it was expanded to the low-magnesium weathering mine in the Dianchi area. At present, this technology has been successfully developed and applied to the production of phosphate rock in Dianchi area. The process principle is simple, purely physical beneficiation, that is, the weathered phosphate rock is scrubbed or ground in water to remove surface mud and enrich the phosphorus mineral. The enrichment ratio of the process is not large, and the P2O5 grade can only be increased by 3 to 5 percentage points. Among them, the more typical and the better effect is the Haikou Phosphate Weathered Mine. In 1995, Jinning Phosphate Mine Scrub Factory was completed and put into production.
3. Heavy medium sorting technology: The difference in specific gravity between minerals is the key to heavy medium sorting. China began research in the mid-1980s and found that the key to its technology is whether it can strictly control the separation ratio between 2.8 and 2.9. In 1992, Hubei Yichang Huaguoshu Phosphorus Heavy Medium Plant was put into operation. Heavy medium sorting technology has broad development prospects due to its high sorting efficiency and low environmental pollution. In the long run, this technology is expected to be used as a pre-selection operation to pre-exclude most of the gangue from low-grade phosphate rock, thereby improving the effectiveness of subsequent sorting operations.
4. Roasting digestion process: This is a chemical beneficiation method, mainly used for carbonate type phosphate ore containing little silicate minerals. Using carbonate minerals to liberate CO2 at high temperature, then adding water to hydrate CaO and MgO into fine-grained Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2, and removing calcium and magnesium hydroxide by classification technique to make phosphorus Mineral enrichment. The process has obtained good results in the selection of phosphate rock in Hejiayan, Guizhou Yufu, Datang, etc. in Shaanxi, and has completed the expansion test. However, due to high energy consumption, difficulty in handling the exposed lime milk, and difficulty in production control, it has not been promoted and applied.
5. Chemical beneficiation: This method is mainly used to exclude carbonate minerals, especially MgO, so that the MgO content in the concentrate is reduced to less than 0.5%. Due to the high processing cost, it is only possible to use this technology to treat concentrates if the quality of the concentrate obtained by other beneficiation processes cannot meet the requirements of subsequent processing. In the phosphate ore chemical beneficiation, the extractants used as carbonate minerals are mainly ammonium chloride, sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide, among which sulfuric acid is the most widely used.
6. Photoelectric picking technology: Photoelectric beneficiation is to use the color difference between ore and gangue for sorting instead of manual hand selection; it is rarely used in phosphate rock production. China has conducted photoelectric picking research on the Kaiyang Phosphorus Mine, which is mainly used to pick up the top dolomite mixed in the mining and obtain certain effects.
China's phosphate ore beneficiation research began in the late 1950s, and in 1958 was completed and put into operation the first large-scale sedimentary metamorphic phosphate rock flotation plant that processed 1.2 million tons of raw ore annually - Jiangsu Jinping Phosphate Mine Concentrator. Thereafter, in 1976, a medium-sized magmatic rock-type apatite flotation plant with an annual processing capacity of 300,000 tons of ore was built and put into operation at the Maying Phosphorus Mine in Hebei Province. The completion of these two plants indicates that China has mastered the mineral processing technology of the easy-selected phosphate rock. At present, direct flotation, reverse flotation, scrub elution, and heavy media sorting have been applied to industrial production.
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